研究CohesionCohesionandDiscourse大专

论文导读：eferstothelinguisticdevicesbywhichthespeakercansignaltheexperientialandinterpersonalcoherenceofthetext，andisthusatextualphenomenon：wecanpointtofeaturesofthetextwhichserveacohesivefunction.Ontheotherhand，coherenceisinthemindofthewriterandreader：iti
【Abstract】：In the study of functional grammar， cohesion is one important subject. According Halliday and Hasan， cohesion can be achieved through two ways. One is lexical cohesion and the other is grammatical cohesion. Cohesion can be divided into reference； ellipsis and substitution； conjunction； lexical cohesion. Analysis and explanation as well as examples are provided in this paper to facilitate the reader's understanding and use of cohesion.
【Key Words】functional grammar； cohesion； analysis； explanation

1. The concept of Cohesion

Cohesion is one part of the study of texture， which considers the interaction of cohesion with other aspects of text organization. Texture， in turn， is one aspect of the study of coherence， which takes the social context of texture into consideration. The goal of discourse analysis in this tradition is to build the model that places texts in their social contexts and looks comprehensively at the resources which both integrate and situate them.
Cohesion refers to the linguistic devices by which the speaker can signal the experiential and interpersonal coherence of the text， and is thus a textual phenomenon： we can point to features of the text which serve a cohesive function. On the other hand， coherence is in the mind of the writer and reader： it is a mental phenomenon and cannot be identified or quantified in the same way as cohesion.
Cohesion can be defined as the set of resources for constructing relations in discourse which transcend grammatical structure （Halliday， 1994：309）. Halliday modeled cohesion as involving nonstructural relations above the sentence， within what he refe摘自：毕业论文格式www.7ctime.com
rs to as the texture metafunction（as opposed to ideational and interpersonal meaning）. In Halliday and Hasan （1976） the inventory of cohesion resources was organized as： reference； ellipsis and substitution； conjunction； lexical cohesion.

1.1 Reference

Reference refers to resources for referring to a participant or circumstantial element whose identity is recoverable. Reference is the set of grammatical resources which allow the speaker to indicate whether something is being repeated form somewhere else in the text， or whether it has not yet appeared in the text. A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows. For example：
① Francesca Johnson died in January of 1989. She was sixty-nine years old at the time of her death.② Every论文导读：wordsneededtofillouttheclause.Astheconversationshows，onecontextinwhichcohesiveellipsisisparticularlycommonisinanswersandresponses.‘Yes’and‘No’answerspresupposethewordingformtheprecedingquestionorstatement.Fore中专毕业论文www.7ctime.comxample：A：“
one was incredulous when it was reported that he had a vocation for the priesthood.
③ If you happened to meet the boy， don’t tell him his mother is in hospital.
In①， the exact meanings of pronoun “she” and “her” are decided by the objects which its referred to. “She” and “her” refer to the same entity as “Francesca Johnson”. In②， “it” refers to “he had a vocation for the priesthood”. In③， “him” refers to “the boy”. That is use of pronouns， relative pronouns， etc. to achieve semantic reference of one part of the text to another.

1.2 Ellipsis

Ellipsis refers to resources for omitting a clause， or some part of a clause or group， in contexts where it can be assumed. In English conversation， rejoinders are often made dependent through omissions of this kind： Did they win？ Yes， they did.
Ellipsis occurs when something is structurally necessary is left unsaid. There is a sense of incompleteness associated with it. Like all cohesive agencies， ellipsis contributes to the semantic structure of the discourse. But unlike reference， which is itself a semantic relation， ellipsis sets up a relationship that is not semantic but lexicogrammatical—a relationship in the wording rather than directly in the meaning.[3] For instance，when we say“two glasses please”in a bar，the waiter will immediately understand that what we order are“two glasses of wine”. According to information theory，what is omitted is given information and the left is new or important information. Ellipsis is very common in some texts， such as note， advertisement， and the monologue of some character in a novel. Like substitution， ellipsis can also be classified into nominal ellipsis，verbal ellipsis and clausal ellipsis.

1.2.1 The clausal

Ellipsis in the clause is related to the question-answer process in dialogues； and it typically operates between adjacent clauses. This is at least partly because the message with ellipsis is formally incomplete： the hearer or reader is required to recall the actual words needed to fill out the clause.
As the conversation shows， one context in which cohesive ellipsis is particularly common is in answers and responses. ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ answers presuppose the wording form the preceding question or statement. For e中专毕业论文www.7ctime.com
xample：
A： “I am deeply sorry to he been the cause of it. Could you tell her so for me， with my fervent acknowledgements？”
B： “Yes， I could （tell her so for you）. I will （with your fervent acknowledgements）， if you ask it.”A： “And， spea论文导读：dpositionafteromitting“uncle”.③Herearethirteencards.Takeany（card）.Nowgivemeanythree（cards）.④A：“Howaboutacoupleofeggs？”B：“（I）Can'teatathing.”⑤A：“（Areyou）Dizzy？”B：“（Iam）Justabit（dizzy）.”Inabovedialogues，thesubjectsandpre
king of the science of life， he you got the cucumber sandwiches cut for Lady Bracknell？”
B： “Yes （I he got the cucumber sandwiches cut for Lady Bracknell）， sir.”
A： “I thought you said there was a sapphire on the head， dear？”
B： “No（I didn’t say there was a sapphire on the head）， Lady Markby—a ruby.”
In response to a Wh-question， it is often just the missing element called for by the WH-word that is supplied in the answer； with everything else presupposed form the question：
A： “What did Tom say to you？”
B： “（He said） Nothing （to me）.”
If the answer cannot be supplied， the whole question is typically ellipsis：
A： “How long will you be in Beijing？”
B： “I don’t know （how long I will be in Beijing）.”

1.2.2 The nominal group

The nominal ellipsis refers to the omission of an element other than the Thing could function as Head even the whole nominal group. For example：
①But Lily had a flash of reassurance. “If she hadn’t come she would he sent me word—”
“She did； she telephoned me this afternoon to let you know.”
“I received no message.”
“I didn’t send any （message）.”
In the above example， the word “message” is omitted because it has appeared in the dialogue. Another example：
②“I think I he heard you say， that their uncle is an attorney in Meryton.”
“Yes； and they he ano源于：论文格式模板下载www.7ctime.com
ther （= another uncle）， who lives somewhere near Cheapside.”
“That is capital， added her sister， and they both laughed heartily.”
In the example， the modifiers word “another” means “another uncle” and become the Head position after omitting “uncle”.
③ Here are thirteen cards. Take any （card）. Now give me any three （cards）.
④ A： “How about a couple of eggs？”
B： “ （I） Can't eat a thing.”
⑤ A： “（Are you） Dizzy？”
B：“（I am） Just a bit （dizzy）.”
In above dialogues， the subjects and predicates are omitted.

1.2.3 The verbal group

Within the verbal group， Predicators can be substituted by ‘do’ under certain circumstances. For example：
①A： “Has he gone？”
B： “He might he done （=gone）.”
②A： Is Jenny coming to the party？
B： Yes， she is （coming）.

1.3 Substitution

Substitution refers to the replacement of one item by another. As a general rule， the substitute item has the same structural function as that for which it substitutes （Halliday and Hasan， 1976）. In English， the substitute may function as a noun，as a verb，or as a clause. To these correspond the three types of substitution： nominal， verbal，and clausal. For example：源于：毕业论文致谢信www.7ctime.com
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