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分析协商社会文化视域下中国英语课堂师生协商话语中心

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摘要:课堂协商是二语习得领域一个重要的探讨课题。以二语习得社会文化视域出发,本论文在文献回顾的基础上对协商的概念作了重新界定。在本探讨中,协商主要指作用协商和形式协商。其中,作用协商不仅包括由交际失误引发的协商,同时还包括以成功交际为目的的协商;同样,形式协商不仅包括由语言错误引发的对语言利用的协商,同时包括任何针对语言形式和显性语言规则的互动式对话。不同于以往局限于‘不足驱动’协商的探讨,本探讨的协商定义更为宽泛,相对于课堂也更加具有针对性。本探讨的论述依据来源于社会文化论述、二语习得生态观(van Lier2000,2004)、情境学习观(LeWenger1991)、参与隐喻(Sfard1998)、以及隐性、显性语言知识论述。尽管这些论述各有差别和侧重,它们共同构成了本探讨以社会文化视域对课堂协商话语进行探讨的论述基础。二语习得两大主流派系认知与社会文化视域在论述来源和探讨策略上都有着很多分歧,但二者都认同课堂互动在语言学习中的作用。二者的区别是:认知派认为,互动对学习有辅助作用;而社会文化派认为,互动不仅仅是对学习有益,互动即是学习本身。在社会文化视域中,二语习得是‘参与’而不是‘习得’(Donato2000),学习不仅是学习者个体大脑对知识的建构历程,同时也是作用建构和同化到社会生活实践的历程。由此,协商是语言进展历程的载体,协商历程本身就是学习的历程。在探讨策略上,课堂录音观察、学习者问卷、学习者显性与隐性语言知识测试卷、及教师访谈共同构成了本论文的探讨工具。本探讨的语料转写全部在转写软件中完成,最大限度地保障了转写的规范性和统一性。语料浅析工具采取的是重新建构的社会文化话语浅析法。该探讨策略以Mercer(1995,2004)提出的社会文化话语浅析法为基础,通过融合维果斯基的历史策略、Wells(1999)的对话策略、以及KumpulainenWray(2002)的功能浅析法,针对‘外语型’中国英语教学的近况、有着的不足及中国英语课堂互动话语的特点,采取会话浅析与话语浅析相结合的方式,在建立语料库的基础上,对语料进行细致质化浅析和对预设分类的量化浅析。定量浅析中,在数字统计的基础上,采取SPSS17.0对学生隐性与显性语言知识测试结果进行了相关性浅析。总体上,本论文对语料的浅析以定性浅析为主、定量浅析为辅。定性与定量探讨策略的有机融合是当前学术界的一种普遍共识,两者的有机融合有效地保障了社会科学探讨中对“科学性”与“人文性”的兼顾。本论文的探讨对象是两所师范大学英语教育专业的师生。之所以把本探讨落脚于英语教育专业一是为了深入了解和解决教育教学中遇到的不足,同时也是为突出英语教育专业特点找到突破口。近年来,尤其是自2007年教育部推出高等教育‘质量工程’和试行免费师范教育以来,教育教学中遇到的不足及国家对高等教育的关注,极大地推动了中国英语教学界对提升英语专业教学质量和英语教育专业教学革新的重视。在英语教育专业,如何在基础课教材编写中突出师范特点,如何在基础课教学中融入‘教师’因素,以专业基础课程入手培养学生的教师素养和能力成为热点议题。以‘未来教师’的职业需求来看,在英语教育专业,专业基础课程的任务不仅要培养学生的语言利用能力和交际能力(隐性语言知识),同时还要突出培养学生的‘教学’能力--即,讲解和示范语言的能力(显性语言知识),使‘师范’概念贯穿到师范英语专业教学的全历程。为了深入了解英语教育专业基础课教学的近况与有着的不足,本探讨以课堂师生互动中的话语协商为探讨内容,探究英语教育专业课堂师生协商的特点及其所反映出来的教学性质和教学理念,并在此基础上展开对英语教育专业教学及课堂互动方式的反思。结合探讨不足与假设,本论文的探讨发现主要体现在以下四个方面:(1)在语言浅析层面,语料中的师生间作用协商显著多于形式协商。在作用协商中,只有少量是由交际失误引发的协商,大多数是为保持成功交际而展开的协商;在形式协商中,多数协商并非由语言错误引发而是师生针对语言利用展开的协商,但是语料中对语言规则及显性语言知识的协商与讲解数量非常少。这个结果证明,本论文对协商概念的重新界定是有道理的,以往探讨对协商概念的界定过于狭窄、过于侧重协商的对话性质。(2)在认知浅析层面,协商的加工历程体现在三种类型的协商当中:同意式、探究式、及争论式。其中,探究式协商,尽管数量有限,对调动学习者对学习的积极投入与探究式学习非常有益,但是,学习者的学习被动性是阻碍此类协商进展成为有效协商话语的重要因素。(3)在社会浅析层面,协商历程主要采纳的交互方式是合作式和专家/新手方式,较少利用主导/被动方式。这一发现与中国社会文化中尊重权势,提倡合作精神的传统相吻合。值得注意的是,教师动允支架,一旦被学习者接纳,即可有效发挥其引导共建协商历程和知识共建的功能。(4)以上探讨发现引发我们对中国英语教育专业的反思。师生协商作用领先的性质反映了交际法教学对中国高校英语教学的影响。对学生交际能力的重视导致了对课堂教学中语言技能学习的过分强调及对语言形式的忽略。学生隐性与显性语言知识间的落差表明,学生对显性语言知识的掌握需要特殊的专门学习。在英语教育专业中突出‘教师’因素意味着要强调语言知识的科学性。此外,外语学习不是认知派所倡导的学习者个体头脑中知识累积的历程,而是学习者以探讨、批评的方式在与他人的交往同建构知识的历程。由此,在学习历程中,培养学生思维能力和逻辑推理能力也是课堂教学中不可或缺的组成部分。综上所述,本探讨很好地证实了二语习得社会文化视域在课堂互动话语领域探讨的优势,同时证明,以往探讨中对协商概念的界定过于强调自然会话的特点,范围过窄,不适用于外语课堂协商话语探讨。此外,本论文利用的社会文化话语浅析法对语料的浅析不仅兼顾了定性定量浅析的优点,而且可操作性强,是一个可以广为运用的课堂话语浅析策略。本探讨结果显示,在中国等亚洲文化中,有必要重新深思外语教学以学习者为中心、提倡小组及同伴互动、夸大学习者作用而淡化教师作用的教学理念。在论文导读:
教学实践上,本探讨的发现有利于语言教师及教育探讨者更好地了解课堂师生协商的复杂性与偶然性,发现决定学习者课堂活动参与程度的协商互动在语言、认知及社会层面的近况与有着的不足。同时,本探讨所反映出的英语教育专业重视技能型教学、师范特点不突出,及忽略思维能力培养等方面的不足将为后续的英语师范专业革新提供有力的证据。在实证探讨的基础上,本论文提出反思中国英语教育专业教学,并尝试性地提出了协商式互动方式。尽管该方式的论述与运用价值还有待进一步验证,其提出为中国英语教育专业突出‘师范’特点提供了一条可探讨的路径。本探讨的不足之处有必要在后续探讨中进一步改善。在技术路线上,尽管考虑到了探讨的持续性,本探讨还不是理想的跟踪性探讨;转写软件的利用很好地保障了转写的统一性与规范性,但转写与标注的准确性还有待提升。本论文提出的对协商概念的界定以及本论文所利用的语料浅析工具社会文化话语浅析法还需在今后针对不同对象在各种社会文化和学习环境中的探讨来加以验证。二语习得社会文化视域,作为对主流认知传统的挑战派,其论述与实践价值已经得到一些探讨的证实,但针对涉及诸多社会文化变量的协商互动方面的探讨还有待进一步深入开展。最后,在本探讨的基础上,后续的干预性探讨可以更加深化协商话语探讨,同时验证本论文提出的英语教育专业课堂协商互动方式及其有效性。关键词:二语习得论文社会文化视域论文作用协商论文形式协商论文课堂互动论文
本论文由www.7ctime.com,需要论文可以联系人员哦。Abstract3-6
摘要6-9
List of Tables & Figures9-10
List of Abbreviations10-11
Table of Contents11-15
Chapter One Introduction15-26

1.1 Theoretical rationale15-18

1.2 EFL teaching in the Chinese context and the problems18-21
1.3 Necessity & purpose of the present research21-24

1.4 Organization of the dissertation24-26

Chapter Two Literature Review26-92
2.1 Cognitive perspective of second language acquisition (SLA) theories and interaction26-32
2.1.1 Theories in the interactionist model28-29
2.1.2 Piaget’s theory of learning and development29-30
2.1.3 Cognitive perspective of interaction30-32
2.2 Sociocultural perspective of SLA theories and interaction32-48
2.2.1 Sociocultural theory (SCT) and its imppcations for SLA32-42
2.2.1.1 Internapzation & learning and development32-34
2.2.

1.2 Mediation and learning34-36

2.2.1.3 Zone of proximal development (ZPD) and scaffolding36-38
2.2.

1.4 Activity theory38-40

2.2.

1.5 Summary40-42

2.2.2 Ecological learning theory: from input to affordance42-44
2.2.3 Situatued learning theory: legitimate peripheral participation (LPP)44-47
2.2.4 The sociocultural perspective of interaction47-48

2.3 The role of instruction in SLA48-60

2.3.1 Instruction and learning opportunities49-54
2.3.1.1 Development of SL/FL classroom instruction49-51
2.3.1.2 Learning opportunities and the cultivation of thinking and reasoning51-54
2.3.2 Imppcit and exppcit pnguistic knowledge and their measurement54-60
2.3.2.1 Defining imppcit and exppcit pnguistic knowledge55-58
2.3.2.2 Measuring imppcit and exppcit pnguistic knowledge58-60

2.4 Studies of negotiation in SLA60-90

2.

4.1 Understanding negotiation in SLA60-72

2.4.

1.1 Negotiation of meaning (NOM)62-67

2.4.

1.2 Negotiation of form (NOF)67-72

2.4.2 Studies of NOM and NOF from the cognitive perspective72-82

2.4.1 Cognitive studies of NOM72-76

2.4.论文导读:signinganalyticalprocedures124-1303.4.3.1DistinguishingNOMandNOFonthepnguisticdimension124-1283.4.3.2Applyingnegotiationtypologyonthecognitiveprocessingdimension128-1293.4.3.3Determiningnegotiationpatternsonthesocialprocessingdimension129-1303.4.4Asummarizedanalyticalfr

2.2 Cognitive studies of NOF76-81

2.4.2.3 Summary of NOM and NOF studies from the cognitive perspective81-82
2.4.3 Studies of NOM and NOF from the sociocultural perspective82-90

2.4.3.1 Sociocultural studies of NOM82-86

2.4.3.2 Sociocultural studies of NOF86-89

2.4.3.3 Summary of NOM and NOF studies from the sociocultural perspective89-90

2.5 Summary90-92

Chapter Three Theoretical Framework92-133

3.1 The theoretical debate in SLA92-99

3.1.1 The cognitive and sociocultural debate92-96
3.1.2 Comparing the cognitive and sociocultural views of interaction96-99
3.2 Constructing an integrated theoretical framework within the sociocultural school99-104
3.2.1 Adopting the metaphor of participation over acquisition99-102
3.2.2 An integrated sociocultural theoretical framework102-104
3.3 Redefining negotiation from the integrated framework104-116
3.3.1 Issues over teacher-learner NOM105-108
3.3.2 Issues over teacher-learner NOF108-111
3.3.3 Reconsidering teacher-learner vs. learner-learner negotiated interaction111-113
3.3.4 Rethinking negotiation, NOM and NOF113-116
3.4 Sociocultural discourse analysis (SDA) as the analytical tool116-131

3.4.1 Rationale for adopting SDA117-121

3.4.2 Constructing an SDA for teacher-learner negotiated interaction study121-124
3.4.3 Designing analytical procedures124-130
3.4.3.1 Distinguishing NOM and NOF on the pnguistic dimension124-128
3.4.3.2 Applying negotiation typology on the cognitive processing dimension128-129
3.4.3.3 Determining negotiation patterns on the social processing dimension129-130
3.4.4 A summarized analytical framework of teacher-learner negotiation as coding scheme130-131

3.5 Summary131-133

Chapter Four Research Design133-149
4.1 Objectives and research questions133-135

4.2 Research hypotheses135-136

4.3 Research settings and participants136-139

4.4 Data collection instruments139-143

4.4.1 Classroom observation and recording139-140

4.2 Learner questionnaire140-141

4.4.3 Learner imppcit and exppcit pnguistic knowledge test141-142

4.4 Teacher interview protocol142-143

4.5 The data collected for the present study143-149
4.5.1 The corpus of classroom recording143-145
4.5.1.1 The transcriber used in data transcription144
4.5.

1.2 Data transcription procedures144-145

4.5.2 Learner questionnaire and test data145-147

4.5.3 Teacher interview data147-149

Chapter Five Data Analysis149-182
5.1 Coding and analysis of transcription data149-159
5.1.1 Overall coding result of transcription data149-154
5.1.2 Comparing coding and analysis result across Year 1 & Year 2154-论文导读:e195-1986.3NOMandNOFasparticipationinlearning198-2016.4Summary201-204ChapterSevenResultsandDiscussiononCognitive&SocialProcessingDimensionsofNOM&NOF204-2277.1OverallcodingresultofcognitiveandsocialprocessingofNOMandNOF205-2077.2Thecognitiveandsocialprocessingo
156
5.1.3 Comparing coding and analysis result across university A & B156-159
5.2 Analysis of learner questionnaire159-169
5.

2.1 Overall questionnaire result159-162

5.2.2 Comparing questionnaire results across TEM4 score groups162-166
5.2.3 Comparing questionnaire results across university A & B166-169
5.3 Analysis of learner pnguistic knowledge test169-179
5.3.1 Overall test result from university A & B170-172
5.3.2 Learner imppcit and exppcit pnguistic knowledge test result from university A172-175
5.3.3 Learner imppcit and exppcit pnguistic knowledge test result from university B175-178
5.3.4 Summary of learner imppcit and exppcit pnguistic test findings178-179

5.4 Analysis of teacher interview179-182

Chapter Six Results and Discussion on the Linguistic Dimension of NOM and NOF182-204

6.1 Linguistic features of NOM183-191

6.1.1 NOM initiated by communicative failure183-188
6.1.2 NOM sustained for communicative success188-191

6.2 Linguistic features of NOF191-198

6.

2.1 NOF on language use192-195

6.2.2 NOF with explanations to exppcit pnguistic knowledge195-198
6.3 NOM and NOF as participation in learning198-201

6.4 Summary201-204

Chapter Seven Results and Discussion on Cognitive & Social Processing Dimensions of NOM & NOF204-227
7.1 Overall coding result of cognitive and social processing of NOM and NOF205-207
7.2 The cognitive and social processing of NOM207-215
7.2.1 Exploratory negotiation as co-construction of knowledge and cultivation of thinking207-211
7.2.2 Learner agency as a determining factor to cognitive & social processing211-215
7.3 Cognitive and social processing of NOF215-221
7.3.1 The disputational processing of pnguistic knowledge in the dominant/passive pattern216-218
7.3.2 The neglected aspect of pnguistic knowledge in teacher-learner interaction218-221
7.4 The educational and pedagogical value of teacher-learner NOM & NOF221-224

7.5 Summary224-227

Chapter Eight Reflections on EFL Teaching and Classroom Interaction in Teacher Education Programs in China227-255
8.1 The problems in EFL teaching in teacher education programs227-236
8.1.1 The predominance of meaning over form228-230
8.1.2 The neglect of exppcit pnguistic knowledge230-233
8.1.3 Passive learner agency in logical thinking and reasoning233-236
8.2 Reconceptuapzing EFL teaching in teacher education programs236-248
8.2.1 EFL teaching as skills training or as knowledge construction237-240
8.2.2 Scientific concepts as the basis of education240-244
8.2.3 Exploratory talk as means for promoting thinking244-248
8.3 A propo论文导读:rch257-2619.3Limitationsofthestudy261-2629.4Suggestedareaorfutureresearch262-263References263-279Appendices279-303Acknowledgements303-304在学期间公开发表论文及著作情况304上一页12345
sed classroom interaction model248-250
8.4 Summary250-255
Chapter Nine Conclusion255-263
9.1 Findings of the study255-257
9.2 Significance of the research257-261
9.3 Limitations of the study261-262
9.4 Suggested areas for future research262-263
References263-279
Appendices279-303
Acknowledgements303-304
在学期间公开发表论文及著作情况304