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试议自己借鉴、感知、深悟——如何利用阅读提高自己写作

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【摘要】英语写作历来是是英语教学中的难题之一,如何让才能有效的提高学生的写作水平是许多教师苦苦追求的目标。本文侧重从以阅读着手,浅析如何从不同体裁的文章结构中获取写作的灵感,从而为学生写好书面表达提供一定的框架模式,望能对提高学生的写作水平有所帮助。
【关键词】谋篇;议论;结构
1326-3587(2012)12-0059-02
在英语教学中我们发现许多学生在做阅读理解题时常常会得心应手,但每当要求学生结合实际情况用英语进行书面表达时却困难重重,其结果所写的内容或是用词单调,或是结构松散凌乱。无论是遣词造句还是行文逻辑都处在一个较低的水平层次上。其根本原因是平时在阅读时仅仅注意了文章表层的意义,而忽略了作者是采用何种写作风格和写作技巧来表达其目的的。更有甚者许多学生的书面表达根本就不能深入细致地阐述事物,只能是简单地将汉语提示作了肤浅地翻译。而一篇好的文章必须让人读后感到用词独具匠心、结构严谨自然、层次泾谓分明,才能使自己的表达胜人一筹。而外语教学的目的不仅是明确简单的语言规则,而要让学生通过学习做到从借鉴到感知最终达到深化的阶段。使所写的材料内容详实、情感丰富、阐述透彻,才能唤起他人的阅读之情。本文结合2012江苏各市的中考试卷,从中分析写好书面表达的秘诀。

一、谋篇布局,突显主题

纵观许多学生的书面表达常常会给人失望之感,尤其是许多该分析,该阐述的内容常常是言之无物,不能就某一事物进行细致的分析和阐述。因此在教学中教师应结合一些具体的实例,让学生明确不同体裁文章的行文方式,从如何用简洁的话语突出其主题到针对某一事物进行的详尽阐述,应在文章中有良好的体现。许多学生在阅读时也能明白这一点,但每当提起笔来时常常力不从心。因此在阅读文章时应认真注意作者是通过何种手段和方式来表达其思想内容的,对于一些好的表达不断地加以借鉴,以形成自己的感知,最终将平时在阅读中积累的素材运用到实际写作中。久而久之定会提高自己的表达能力。阅读下面的段落也许会豁然开朗。
Self reflection means stopping the mad rush of activity and calming yourself and your mind so your brain can evaluate the input it has already received. Some people prefer to do their self reflection mentally, while others keep a diary or written notes of some kind. Whether written or purely mental, the process is the same.
School textbooks are often divided into units of study. This can make it easier for someone who wants to begin the process of self reflection to get started. Watch for the times when you complete a unit of study in any of the subjects you are learning: maths, science, art or any other topic. Sometimes you are reminded that the unit is over because there is some kind of text. Use these natural breaks as chances to stop and reflect. …
Self reflection is an essential skill for a succesul student. If you he never taken the time to reflect, try it now. (南京市2012中考完形填空题)
该文首先用下定义式的形式阐明了何为反思,反思的类型以及其过程。作者对此娓娓道来,用Some people和others做了鲜明的对比。再用mentally和diary以及written notes作了进一步的铺垫。无论是书面的还是精神上的尽管形式不同,但其过程却异曲同工。这种对文章主题的定论值得学生在实际写作中加以借鉴使用。因为一篇文章的优与劣常常首先是将文章的主题和盘托出,然后通过层层剖析通使主题的揭示得以深化。作者用几个动词的形式进行了深刻的论述stopping the mad rush of activity, calming yourself and your mind, evaluate the input it has already received. 这样的阐述对主题的内涵作了深刻的剖析,让人更明了如何对文章谋篇布局的重要性。
在接下来的段落中作者通过课本的学习进一步论述了该如何反思。课本单元结束后应随时对本章节的内容进行反思,哪些内容已经掌握,那些内容还存在着困惑,哪些内容还需进一步深化。只有通过不断地反思才能使自己明确学习的过程不是一帆风顺的,每一次的反思都能促使自己不断地朝更新的目标迈进。该段落读上去似乎较含糊,其道理却蕴含在不起眼的话语之中,使人明确反思在学习中的重要性。
在文章的结尾处作者用简洁明了的话语概括了反思对学习的作用,用an essential skill一语道破了反思的真谛。拥有这样的skill 必定是学习上成功的人,倘若未及,值得尝试。廖廖数语把反思对学习的益处表露得如此的真切,使主题源于:论文开题报告www.7ctime.com
的内涵得到了更进一步的延伸。

二、有理有据,阐述细微

阅读一些文章常常会有这样的感受,作者可能会首先针对某一问题提出自己的见解。然后就这一内容展开深刻的阐述。从定位到意义、从分析到议论,作者所阐述的内容常常是有理有据,给人以较强的说服力。而学生在写作时缺乏的正是对事物的精彩议论和细微的阐述,往往只用一、两语话便草草收场,无法给人欲知后事的迫切心理。如果能通过阅读借鉴别人是如何对事物展开论述的,并在自己的书面表达中加以运用,定会给自己的书面表达增彩。阅读下面的段落也许会有不同的感受。
Team spirit means the willingness of people to work together and help each other as part of a team. With this spirit, people try hard to make their team the best of all. Everyone has experienced team spirit one way or another, whether they were part of a team or saw a group of people cheer their forite pla论文导读:boutsomethinginsteadofjustopinions.Third,trytochangeyourquestionsintostatementsandtalkinthefirstpersonsothatpeoplewillunderstandyoumoreeasily.Foeexample,youmightsay,“Ifeelhappythatyou’rehere,”insteadof,”Areyougladthatyou’rehere?”Finally,trynott
yer.
There are different kinds of team spirit. One kind is the connection between a team of people because theirefforts and cooperation are necessary in reaching a particular goal. Another kind is when a group of people support a person or a team. Another is people’s natural love for and pride in their country, when a whole nation cheer for its country in competitions. Team spirit can also be seen in the workplace or in some activities. . …(南通2012中考阅读与回答问题题)
该文主要论述了合作精神的类型以及其益处。文章开门见山地先提出合作精神是一种情操,为了达到一个特定的目标,人们之间相互的合作和努力便显得尤为重要。那么合作的的形式体现在哪些方面呢?在文章的第二小节作者给出了细腻的阐述。用one kind, another kind, another 等层层诠释了合作的真谛。为了共同的目标,人们需要合作;为了自己钟爱的人或团队,人们需要要合作;为了国家和民族大业,人们需要合作,这种有理有据的论述深化了合作的内涵,更表明合作精神无所不在。因此在实际写作时学生需借鉴这样的表达形式,从细微入手去对某一事物进行合理的阐述,使所表达的内容上升到理性的阶段。

三、前呼后应,步步深入

写作中最令人遗憾的是所欲表达的内容常常前言不搭后语,这是许多初中学生写作中的通病,常常是东一榔头西一棒,一会儿写这,一会儿又写那,不能围绕一个中心展开叙述,这就是写作上的不连贯现象。而一篇好的文章常常形成一个良好的整体,前呼后应步步深入,使表达的内容张弛有度,阅读源于:大专毕业论文范文www.7ctime.com
下面的段落便会有深切的体会。
What do we really mean by being open? Being open is a kind of invitation to others to come in, speak and to share. It is important in letting others get to know how we think and feel. In this way we will be understood and accepted by others. If we aren’t open with others, we won’t fully believe ourselves or others.
Here are few ways for you to be more open. First, make your outside behior the same with your inside feelings and thoughts. Second, share how you really feel about something instead of just opinions. Third, try to change your questions into statements and talk in the first person so that people will understand you more easily. Foe example, you might say, “I feel happy that you’re here,” instead of ,”Are you glad that you’re here?” Finally, try not to say,” I don’t know.” This usually means I don’t want to think about it any more. … (扬州市2012中考任务型阅读)
本文诠释了坦诚的不同方面。对人坦诚是和人很好相处的条件,只有对人坦诚,才能被人理解和接受。怎样才能对人坦诚,在其过程中应注意些什么,文章的第二段作了细腻的分析。用first, second, third, finally等诸方面例举了坦诚的不同形式。这种步步深入的阐述方式深刻地揭示了坦诚的内涵。外表和内心的一致;真实感受和观点的一致;浅近委婉的话语更易于人接受。阅读文章可以看出,作者在阐述时的表达可谓是精心独特,outside behior与inside feelings and thoughts相对应,feel与opinions.相对应,change与understand相辅相成,“I feel happy that you’re here,” 与,”Are you glad that you’re here?”句子的对比更可以看出说话的艺术性。所有例举的形式都与主题being open前呼后应,一脉相承,其表现手法精巧有致。如果在写作中能深刻领悟,所写之文定能令人倍加赏识。

四、行如流水,一泻千里

有时英语写作并非都是大词雅词,朴实的话语也能勾勒出让人回味无穷的文章。这样的文章会给人行如流水,一泻千里的感觉。简朴的话语中让人回味起那看是平凡却意味深长的往事,仿佛久远的一幕又回到眼前。这是典型的叙事结构的模式,浅近的话语宛如潺潺的流水,波平浪静缓缓地流淌着,而事物的发展正是在这恬静的过程中循序渐进,给人舒畅之感。阅读下面如何集邮的短文,其感觉便会油然而生。
Starting a stamp collection is easy and not expensive. Before you start, you need to decide what kind of stamps you want to collect. Most people collect stamps that they are interested in: a certain country or an animal源于:毕业论文www.7ctime.com
, a famous person or even a sport. Whatever you choose, you will find that there is a world of knowledge in stamp: you will learn about people, geography, buildings, history and culture.
You can collect stamps from letters, ask your friends to let you he their old stamps, or you can bu论文导读:常见的现象化作拟人化的表达形式,使人从中感受到语言的奇特效果。平凡的事物蕴含的却是深邃的哲理,让人感悟出人生的波澜曲折。从下面的短文中也许会感悟到其中的奥秘之处。Therewasalovelyvegetablepatch.Alargetreegrewthere.Boththepatchandthetreegetheplaceawonderfullook,andtheywere
y used stamps. When you get a letter with a stamp on it, carefully cut out the stamp. Lee lots of space around the stamp so that you will not damage it. Put the stamp in water and wait until you can safely remove the stamp. Carefully remove the stamp off the letter. Place the wet stamp between pieces of paper. A stamp can get wrinkled when it dries, so put some books on top. (徐州市2012中考阅读理解B)
文章开门见山的用两个形容词easy and not expensive说明集邮的简易性。在其后说明集邮完全是出于个人的兴趣与爱好。集邮可以丰富知识、了解风土人情、领略不同文化内涵。其阐述浅近地表达了集邮的益处。怎样收集邮票,文章的第二段作了详细的介绍。从文中的一系列动词可以领会到其过程cut out, lee , put, remove, place, put等。两个carefully 又把细腻的动作刻画得栩栩如生,这行如流水般的叙述是如此的简朴,却又道出了集邮的乐趣,读后别有一番风趣。由此可见,英语写作有时并非高不可攀,使用浅近的话语行如流水也能唤出平凡中的不朽之作。

五、新奇独特,别具一格

写作的形式多种多样,有时并非都是千篇一律的平铺直叙,利用拟人化的手法常常也会受到出乎于人意料之外的效果,这样的表达会给人别具一格之感。把人生中常见的现象化作拟人化的表达形式,使人从中感受到语言的奇特效果。平凡的事物蕴含的却是深邃的哲理,让人感悟出人生的波澜曲折。从下面的短文中也许会感悟到其中的奥秘之处。
There was a lovely vegetable patch. A large tree grew there. Both the patch and the tree ge the place a wonderful look, and they were the pride of the gardener. But no one knows that the vegetables and the tree couldn’t stand each other. The vegetables hated the tree’s shadow, because it left them only just enough light to live. The tree, on the other hand, hated the vegetables because they drank nearly all the water, leing him just enough to live.
The situation became so serious that the vegetables decided to use up all the water in the ground so that the tree would die. The tree answered back by not protecting the vegetables from the hot sun, so they began to dry up. Soon the vegetables were really weak, and the tree was drying up.
The gardener wondered why and stopped watering them. When he did that, both the tree and the vegetables realized that it was better to help each other. They learned how to live in harmony with those around them. So they decided to work together, using both shade and the water to grow well. After seeing how well they were doing, the gardener ge the best care to the vegetable patch, watering and fertilizing it better than any other patch for miles around. (泰州市2012中考阅读理解C)
全文以菜园内的蔬菜与大树相斗,两败俱伤后,它们转而和谐相处,共同繁荣。读完全文那生动的描述让人感慨万分。lovely vegetable patch.,wonderful look刻画了菜园的场景。但蔬菜和大树为了彼此的利益互不相容,一个hated点明了其冲突。在描写形势的严峻性时作者使用die,dry up,weak等词作了很好的说明,一山不容而虎的争斗场面由此而生。而最后在园丁采取措施后,双方意识到彼此的错误,转而和谐相处。work together,live in harmony with,grow well足以说明。文章虽写物,实则喻人。人生何尚不是如此,其独特之处就在其中。这种表现手法借物指人,让人沉思于其中。如若在英语学习中感悟到语言使用的独特之处,加以借鉴,感悟其道,便会深化自己书面表达的内涵。
综观对上述几段内容的分析可以看出,语言的表达是多样性的。有逻辑缜密的层层揭示,有通俗易懂的借题发挥,有形散意不散的语意新工,总之要想把自己的书面表达写得有深度、有力度、有其独特性,必然需要经历从借鉴到感知然后到深化的过程。倘佯于语言表达技巧之门外,不能深得于语言表达所特有的形式,要想提高书面的水平只是一句空话。因此,要想在写作上胜人一筹,必定要有个人独特的表现手法,如果在平时的阅读之中能不断汲取语言不同形式的表达素材,并在学习的过程中学会分析、比较并有目的地将之积累,便能明确写作的精髓,日后所写内容他人定而望尘莫及。
【参考文献】
1、李朝东,2012江苏十三大市中考试卷汇编 宁夏人民教育出版社 2012