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试析Should We Trust Economists? 经济学家可信吗?

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论文导读:imtogettheevilhumorsout.”Theystarttoargue,insultingeachotherinnastyepistles3).“LeechguyissecretlyworkingfortheFrench!”allegesBleedingGuy.“BleedingGuyjustwantstheprincetodiebecausetheprincewantedhighertaxesonthenobles!”LeechGuyfiresback.What’s
Imagine you are the Royal Physician of England some time during the 14th century. The prince is sick, and you’ve been summoned to help. You call in two experts for advice. The first says: “Use leeches1) to suck out the evil humors2).” The second says: “No, you must bleed him to get the evil humors out.” They start to argue, insulting each other in nasty epistles3). “Leech guy is secretly working for the French!” alleges Bleeding Guy. “Bleeding Guy just wants the prince to die because the prince wanted higher taxes on the nobles!” Leech Guy fires back.
What’s the right move? Well, in an ideal world, you would go and get 999 patients who he illnesses similar to the prince’s and give them all a variety of household substances, such as bread mold4). Then you would take careful note of who died and use statistical analysis to figure out which household substances cured disease. Thus, you would discover penicillin5) and invent modern medicine.
Sadly, this is not what you do, because a) if you proposed it, you would be led off to the dungeons6) and beheaded b) it’s the 14th century and you he no concept of the scientific method and c) you don’t really he the right tools for that experiment, anyway. Instead, it’s bleeding or leeches. So you take your best guess and you pray you’re right.
The economic situation we find ourselves in today is a little bit like the example above. Everyone knows that it’s a bad thing when factories sit gathering dust and potential workers sit idle on their couches. But the best “experts” that we he—academic economists—are in generally ill repute. Surveys he shown that the public has very little confidence in their predictions. They argue bitterly on op-ed pages7) and can’t seem to agree on the most basic issues. So are we making a mistake putting our faith in economics? Are economists themselves just charlatans8), to be scorned as medieval cranks9)? Or for all10) their flaws, are they really the best experts we he? I don’t he a definitive answer, just like there is no good answer to the problem of the Royal Physician. But hing gone through an economics PhD, I do know a few things that I think the public should realize about the field.
To start, we need to talk briefly about what it is economic theorists do. Essentially, they make models, which are mathematical tools that are supposed to describe how the economy functions. The problem is that economists hen’t really built a model of the whole economy that works. A论文导读:解这些基本的想法,并自己决定哪些看法是说得过去的,哪些看法他们认为是不现实的。经济学家还有另一个美德,就是他们非常善于指出彼此的逻辑错误。总体而言,经济学家们都是非常聪明、敏锐的人。就像其他所有人那样,他们容易过分自信并过于依赖自己未经证实的理论。但是当他们这么做时,其他经济学家通常会逮他们个正着!因此
lot of art people he spent a lot of time creating tools with names like “dynamic stochastic general equilibrium11).” But as of this moment, those models can’t really forecast the economy like our meteorologists12) can forecast the weather. Furthermore, they contain a lot of obviously wrong assumptions. To give just one example, many of Should We Trust Economists? 经济学家可信吗?由优秀论文网站www.7ctime.com提供,助您写好论文.the models stipulate13) that companies are only allowed to change their prices at random times! Crazy, right? Economists include things like that to make the models easier to use, and they hope that those zany14) assumptions are actually decent approximations to the way the world really works. But even with these kludges15) in place, none of the existing models can do much to predict the economy.Should We Trust Economists? 经济学家可信吗?由优秀论文网站{#GetFullDomain}提供,助您写好论文.Should We Trust Economists? 经济学家可信吗?由优秀论文网站www.7ctime.com提供,助您写好论文.顶级的经济学家们十分清楚自己的无知。(美国)联邦储备局主席本·伯南克最近在普林斯顿大学发表了毕业演讲,期间他对听众半开玩笑说:“经济学是一个高度复杂的思想领域,非常擅长向决策者们清晰准确地解释他们过去的选择为什么是错误的,但对于未来,就不那么擅长了。”世界上最著名的宏观经济学家之一格雷格·曼昆在2011年《纽约时报》的专栏中如此表述了这样的感想:
“在当了超过25年的职业经济学家后,我有件事要坦白:对于经济,我有很多不了解的地方。事实上,研究经济周期起伏的经济学领域是我投入精力最多、关注最多的领域,却也是我发现自己最常遇到一些没有明显答案的重要理由的领域……”
所有这些都意味着,当一位经济学家告诉你基于某种理论或某个模型推导出的事情时,你应当对此持强烈的怀疑态度。而且该理论或模型越复杂,你就越应该感到可疑。对使用花哨模型的经济学家要多留神。
如果经济学家确实成功创建出了更奏效的正式模型,那么我们将能够带着理由去找他们(例如“美联储应当印更多的钱吗?”)并完全信任他们的专家倡议。但在那一天到来之前,所有经济学家真正能给我们的是直觉、倡议和想法。就像那位皇家御医一样,我们每个人接下来都不得不自己确定,什么才是我们认为最好的药物。因而当你听经济学家讲话时,关键是尝试去理解他们为什么会产生那种想法。例如,保罗·克鲁格曼认为,在经济萧条期,货币政策的效果并不好,因为名义利率不能降到零以下,而且因为美联储并不总是擅长说服人们相信美联储将在未来允许通货膨胀。罗伯特·巴罗认为财政政策没有效果,因为人们预计今天的刺激政策需要未来的税收来买单,于是减少当前的消费以储备资金,用于支付这些未来的税赋。大多数人能够理解这些基本的想法,并自己决定哪些看法是说得过去的,哪些看法他们认为是不现实的。
经济学家还有另一个美德,就是他们非常善于指出彼此的逻辑错误。总体而言,经济学家们都是非常聪明、敏锐的人。就像其他所有人那样,他们容易过分自信并过于依赖自己未经证实的理论。但是当他们这么做时,其他经济学家通常会逮他们个正着!因此,为了避开过分相信某位经济学家听上去自信的臆断,你应当听听在此理由Should We Trust Economists? 经济学家可信吗?论文资料由论文网www.7ctime.com提供,转载请保留地址.上持另一种意见的经济学家有何观点。
经济学家并不是知道世界如何运转或该如何对其进行精细调整的关键专家,无论我们可能多么希望他们是这样的人。他们不是汽车技工。如果他们像汽车技工那样做事,你应当立即产生怀疑。但是他们的确有很多有趣的意见可以提供。他们可能会帮助你澄清或重新评估你自己关于经济如何运转的看法。他们还能够帮助你发现别人论断中的缺陷。
最终,你是那位皇家御医。你或许并不是无所不知,但王子奄奄一息,而你得从你已有的“专家”中挑选出一位。

1.leech [li?t?] n. 水蛭,蚂蟥

2.humor [?hju?m?(r)] n. (中世纪生理学中所称对人的健康和性情起决定作用的)体液

3.epistle [??p?sl] n. 书信体诗文

4.bread mold:[微]面包霉(通常指出现在霉面包等上的黑根霉)

5.penicillin [?pen??s?l?n] n. [药]青霉素

6.dungeon [?d?nd??n] n. 地牢

7.op-ed page:〈美〉(报纸的)专栏版,特写稿版(由专栏作者等署名撰文,与社论版相对)
8.charlatan [??ɑ?l?t?n] n. 假装内行的人;冒充者;骗子
9.crank [kr??k] n. 怪人
10.for all:虽然,尽管
11.dynamic sto论文导读:格·曼昆(1958~),美国著名经济学家,29岁成为哈佛大学历史上最年轻的终身教授之一,2003年走入政坛,著有《经济学原理》、《宏观经济学》等经典教材。20.PaulKrugman:保罗·克鲁格曼(1953~),美国经济学家,自由经济学派的新生代,理论研究领域是贸易模式和区域经济活动,2008年获诺贝尔经济学奖。21.nominalinterestrate
chastic general equilibrium:动态随机一般均衡,该模型是目前货币政策分析与经济预测的重要工具。
12.meteorologist [?mi?ti??r?l?d??st] n. 气象学家
1

3.stipulate [?st?pjule?t] vt. 规定

1

4.zany [?ze?ni] adj. 滑稽的;愚蠢的

1

5.kludge [klu?d?] n. 为某个目的而勉强拼凑的内容

1

6.caliber [?k?l?b?(r)] n. 水准,质量

17.hard science:硬科学,自然科学与技术科学两大系统所有学科与其交叉学科的统称,借用电子计算机的“硬件”而得名。研究领域包括数学、物理学、化学、天文学、地理学、生物科学以及技术工程等学科。
18.Ben Bernanke:本·伯南克(1953~),美国经济学家,现任美国联邦储备局(简称“美联储”)主席。
19.Greg Mankiw:格雷格·曼昆(1958~),美国著名经济学家,29岁成为哈佛大学历史上最年轻的终身教授之

一、2003年走入政坛,著有《经济学原理》、《宏观经济学》等经典教材。

20.Paul Krugman:保罗·克鲁格曼(1953~),美国经济学家,自由经济学派的新生代,理论研究领域是贸易模式和区域经济活动,2008年获诺贝尔经济学奖。
21.nominal interest rate:名义利率,是央行或其他提供资金借贷的机构所公布的未调整通货膨胀因素的利率,即利息(酬劳)的货币额与本金的货币额的比率。
22.Robert Barro:罗伯特·巴罗(1944~),当今世界最具影响力的经济学家之一,凯恩斯经济学的代表人物,由于他在宏观经济学、经济增长、货币理论与政策等领域所做出的卓越贡献,被推选为美国艺术与科学学院院士。
23.pontification [?p?nt?f??ke??(?)n] n. 自负的言论,武断的话
24.go-to:关键的,灵魂的