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关于“支架式”教学在高中英语读写课中实践

最后更新时间:2024-02-29 作者:用户投稿原创标记本站原创 点赞:7017 浏览:22576
论文导读:识的理解提供的一种“概念框架”(conceptualframe-work),这种框架中的“概念”是为发展学习者对理由的进一步理解所需要的,为此,事先要把复杂的学习任务加以分解,以便与学习者的理解逐步引向深入。支架式教学一般把教学分成这样几个环节,以构成有机的统一整体:分析学生起点水平——创设任务情境——提供系列支架——学
长期以来,高中英语的写作教学没有得到教师和学生的普遍重视。一谈到写作,教师不知如何实施,缺乏循序渐进的训练计划;学生对于写作缺乏热情,更是不知如何入手。近年来,部分教师积极探索高中英语写作教学的新途径,如,他们更加重视“过程写作”的教学方式,也有部分教师潜心研究“读写”结合的教学模式。教育部颁布的《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》明确指出,高中英语课程的总目标是“使学生在义务教育阶段英语学习的基础上,进一步明确英语学习的目的,发展学生自主学习和合作学习的能力;形成有效的英语学习策略;培养学生的综合语言运用能力”,写作正是学生综合语言运用能力的具体体现。笔者认为,通过开展“支架式”教学让学生顺利完成写作任务,是开展写作教学的有效路径。

一、“支架式”教学模式的理论基础

教师把教学任务的设计放在学生的“最近发展区”,实际上就抓住了推动他们发展的核心。苏联心理学家维果茨基提出的“最近发展区”理论,告诫广大教师应该走在发展的前面,并通过教学帮助儿童消除其所要解决的理由(即“最近发展区”)和原有能力(即“已有发展区”)之间可能存在的差异。而实现这个目的的最好手段之一,就是采用不断帮助学生从一个智力水平提升到另一个更高水平的“支架式”教学。“支架”(scaffolding)原是指建筑行业使用的“脚手架”,这里用来比喻对学生解决理由和建构作用起辅助作用的概念框架。
根据欧共体“远距离教育与训练项目”(DGXIII)的有关文件,“支架式”教学策略被定义为:为学习者建构对知识的理解提供的一种“概念框架”(conceptual frame- work),这种框架中的“概念”是为发展学习者对理由的进一步理解所需要的,为此,事先要把复杂的学习任务加以分解,以便与学习者的理解逐步引向深入。
支架式教学一般把教学分成这样几个环节,以构成有机的统一整体:分析学生起点水平——创设任务情境——提供系列支架——学生独立探索——师生协作学习——教学效果评价。下面以笔者的一节读写教学公开课为例,探讨支架式教学的“支架”的具体搭建。

二、教学案例说明与分析

(一)分析学生起点水平

本教学案例选取的教学内容是《牛津高中英语》(译林版)模块二第一单元Boy Missing , Police Puzzled的阅读文本。该阅读文本为一则新闻报道,文章围绕一个叫Justin Foster的男孩失踪以及对其失踪是否与外星人有关的调查展开。文体结构图式与一般新闻报道完全符合,结构呈“倒金字塔”型。文章的导语部分(lead),为文章的第一段,作者陈述新闻报道涉及的人物(who)、事件(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、理由(why)等信息。在随后的正文(body)部分,作者按照重要性递减的顺序说明具体细节内容。新闻报道题材是我们生活中经常遇到且十分实用的文体,为此,笔者觉得有必要在阅读的基础上开设一节读与写结合的课型,以此推动学生的写作兴趣,从而巩固阅读教学的成果。
在第一课时结束后,学生基本了解文体的特征,对内容掌握情况良好,对阅读此类文章的策略也有所体验。然而,要把学生从知识的领会转化为知识的活用还是有一定距离的。所以,在实现由“读”过渡到“写”的过程中教师要不断搭建“脚手架”。学习目标是一节课的“灵魂”,在学习内容已确定和学情分析之后,本节课要实现下列目标。
By the end of the lesson the Ss will be able to:
1. recall & retrieve chanks from Reading Boy Missing, Police Puzzled by grouping them;
2. retell the news story according to the guidelines to be provided;
3. he more language input through reading another mystery story and further be familiar with the features(特征)of a newspaper article;
4. produce a news story based on the outlines to be given.

(二)创设任务情境

为了顺利实现课堂学习目标,笔者以“任务驱动”的方式,先交给学生一项明确而又具体的现实任务,再通过设计系列“子任务”,最终完成下列写作练习Join in a comtribution contest(征文比赛)by writing a newspaper report.

(三)提供系列支架

提供的支架应是学生完成任务所必需的项目,具体来说高中英语写作需要适量的词汇、正确的文本结构、相关的语言输入和话题语块提取等几个要素。为此,笔者搭建了下列“支架”。
Step 1: Cultivating your vocabulary(积累词汇)
In this step you are supposed to he a play with some key words and phrases from Boy Missing, Police Puzzled, for example, the word “missing”. It is used to describe something that cannot be found because it is not where it should be.
1. :an event which is either unpleasant or unusual2. :a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident
3. :to accept something to be true without question o论文导读:频,书面语中为3,000词频范围之内。教师在设计词汇活动时,为体现活动的趣味性,以竞赛的方式进行操作。Step2:Buildingyourstructure(理清结构)Here,youareexpectedtorecallthecontentsofthenewsstoryBoyMissing,PolicePuzzledbyanalysingthestructureofReading.【设计意图】回顾所读文本
r proof
4. :(especially of accidents and other unexpected events) to happen
5. :to arrive somewhere in order to join a group of people, especially late or unexpectedly
6. :someone whose job is to discover information about crimes and find out who is responsible for them
7. :one or more reasons for believing that something is or is not true
8. :to decide that something or someone is not important and not worth considering
9. :examine the facts about a problem or situation
10. :something strange or unknown which has not yet been explained or understood
【设计意图】词汇的积累是学习写作的基础,教师要充分认识到“巧妇难为无米之炊”的道理。关于核心词汇的选择理由,教师一方面要依据话题;另一方面,要通过书后提供的词汇表,利用《朗曼当代英语词典》核对词频选择常用词。该辞典用3,000常用词进行例说,这与课标要掌握的3,300词几乎相当。如“chip”这个词标注为“S2,W3”,则表明该词在口语中属于前2,000词频,书面语中为3,000词频范围之内。教师在设计词汇活动时,为体现活动的趣味性,以竞赛的方式进行操作。
Step 2:Building your structure(理清结构)
Here, you are expected to recall the contents of the news story Boy Missing, Police Puzzled by analysing the structure of Reading.
【设计意图】回顾所读文本内容,并进行创造性复述,一是内化所读内容,二是理顺学生对新闻报道题材的写作思路。通过提供关键词的方式,学生既得到“支架”的帮助,同时又有一定的创造空间。相互合作进行复述,也极大地减少了学生语言操练时的“焦虑”感,增进了学生合作的技能与情感。
Step 3:Rereading & Discovering building blocks(丰富词块)
In Step Three you are to reread Boy Missing, Police Puzzled and find out verbs and time words related to the incident .

1.表“失踪和反响”的动词;

2.表“目击证词”的动词;

3.表“调查和推论”的动词;

4.表“事件发生顺序”的词汇。

【设计意图】提取词块是学生练习写作的一项重要技能。当学生面对阅读语篇时,他们常为究竟积累什么词块而犯愁。在这个步骤,教师让学生回归阅读文本查找词块并进行类别化,这对于学生提高写作意识很有帮助。
Step 4: More input & Understanding(增加输入)
You are given more language input and made familiar with how a news story is formed.
Task: Read the following passage and complete the reading tasks.
Title:
Chinese scientists are again becoming excited about the fact that a large hairy animal may live in central China. Now they hope it won’t be long before they are able to prove its existence. Such confidence is the result of a new discovery of the mystery animal in Hubei Province.
(When reading a news story, read the beginning carefully. Try to answer , , , ,
and . )
Some Chinese engineers, enjoying a holiday in a National Forest Park in Hubei, were driving down a road. As their bus turned a corner, the men were suddenly amazed by what they saw. Three tall animals, covered with long dark hair, were crossing the roads. On seeing the animals the engineers immediately stopped the car and ran after the animals. However, when they saw how the animals moved through the forest with amazing speed and strength, they didn’t dare to follow any further. To th论文导读:eirdisappointment,themendidn’ttakeanyphotographs.However,scientistsareexcitedbythediscovery,becausetheengineerswereallwell-educatedpeopleandscientisteeltheycanrelyonwhatthewitnessesdescribed.上一页123
eir disappointment, the men didn’t take any photographs. However, scientists are excited by the discovery, because the engineers were all well-educated people and scientists feel they can rely on what the witnesses described.